What Is the Skillful Making of Decorative Objects by Hand in Art

Art developed primarily for aesthetics

In European academic traditions, fine art is adult primarily for aesthetics or creative expression, distinguishing information technology from decorative art or applied fine art, which also has to serve some practical office, such as pottery or most metalwork. In the aesthetic theories developed in the Italian Renaissance, the highest art was that which allowed the total expression and display of the creative person'southward imagination, unrestricted past whatever of the practical considerations involved in, say, making and decorating a teapot. Information technology was also considered important that making the artwork did not involve dividing the piece of work between different individuals with specialized skills, as might be necessary with a piece of furniture, for instance.^[1] Even within the fine arts, there was a bureaucracy of genres based on the amount of creative imagination required, with history painting placed higher than still life.

Historically, the five main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and poetry, with performing arts including theatre and trip the light fantastic.^[2] In practice, outside education, the concept is typically only applied to the visual arts. The old master impress and drawing were included equally related forms to painting, just as prose forms of literature were to poetry. Today, the range of what would be considered fine arts (in so far as the term remains in use) commonly includes additional mod forms, such equally film, photography, video product/editing, design, and conceptual fine art.^{[ original research? ]} ^{[ opinion ]}

One definition of fine art is "a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its dazzler and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and compages."^[three] In that sense, there are conceptual differences between the fine arts and the decorative arts or applied arts (these ii terms roofing largely the aforementioned media). As far as the consumer of the art was concerned, the perception of artful qualities required a refined judgment commonly referred to as having skillful taste, which differentiated fine art from popular fine art and entertainment.^[4]

The give-and-take "fine" does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the subject field co-ordinate to traditional Western European canons.^[half-dozen] Except in the case of architecture, where a practical utility was accepted, this definition originally excluded the "useful" applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded every bit crafts. In gimmicky practice, these distinctions and restrictions have get substantially meaningless, as the concept or intention of the artist is given primacy, regardless of the means through which this is expressed.^[7]

The term is typically only used for Western fine art from the Renaissance onwards, although similar genre distinctions can apply to the art of other cultures, peculiarly those of Eastern asia. The prepare of "fine arts" are sometimes also called the "major arts", with "pocket-sized arts" equating to the decorative arts. This would typically exist for medieval and ancient art.

Origins, history and development [edit]

Co-ordinate to some writers, the concept of a distinct category of art is an invention of the early mod menstruation in the Due west. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art: A Cultural History (2003) locates the invention in the 18th century: "There was a traditional "system of the arts" in the Due west before the eighteenth century. (Other traditional cultures however have a like system.) In that organisation, an artist or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a work of fine art was the useful product of skilled work, and the appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their office in the remainder of life. "Art", in other words, meant approximately the same thing every bit the Greek give-and-take "techne", or in English "skill", a sense that has survived in phrases similar "the fine art of state of war", "the art of love", and "the art of medicine."^[eight] Similar ideas have been expressed past Paul Oskar Kristeller, Pierre Bourdieu, and Terry Eagleton (e.thousand. The Ideology of the Aesthetic), though the indicate of invention is often placed before, in the Italian Renaissance; Anthony Blunt notes that the term arti di disegno, a similar concept, emerged in Italian republic in the mid-16th century.^[9]

But it tin can be argued that the classical world, from which very picayune theoretical writing on art survives, in practise had similar distinctions. The names of artists preserved in literary sources are Greek painters and sculptors, and to a lesser extent the carvers of engraved gems. Several individuals in these groups were very famous, and copied and remembered for centuries after their deaths. The cult of the individual artistic genius, which was an important function of the Renaissance theoretical ground for the stardom between "fine" and other art, drew on classical precedent, especially every bit recorded by Pliny the Elder. Another types of object, in particular Ancient Greek pottery, are often signed by their makers or the owner of the workshop, probably partly to advertise their products.

The decline of the concept of "art" is dated by George Kubler and others to around 1880. When it "fell out of fashion" as, by about 1900, folk art was also coming to exist regarded as significant.^[10] Finally, at least in circles interested in art theory, ""fine art" was driven out of use by about 1920 past the exponents of industrial design ... who opposed a double standard of judgment for works of fine art and for useful objects".^[eleven] This was among theoreticians; it has taken far longer for the art trade and popular stance to catch upwardly. However, over the aforementioned catamenia of the tardily 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of prices in the art market was in the opposite direction, with works from the fine arts drawing much further ahead of those from the decorative arts. As art in the 21st century fine arts by creative person such as Timothy Gilbert with his abilities of expression of freedoms and times in cultures capturing insite to canvous.

In the art trade the term retains some currency for objects from before roughly 1900 and may be used to define the scope of auctions or auction firm departments and the similar. The term also remains in utilise in 3rd education, actualization in the names of colleges, faculties, and courses. In the English language-speaking world this is mostly in North America, merely the same is truthful of the equivalent terms in other European languages, such as beaux-arts in French or bellas artes in Spanish.

Cultural perspectives [edit]

The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have often dominated in Europe and the Usa is non shared by all other cultures. Only traditional Chinese art had comparable distinctions, distinguishing inside Chinese painting between the mostly landscape literati painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of courtroom painting and sculpture. Although high status was also given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the Due west, in particular ceramics, jade carving, weaving, and embroidery, this by no means extended to the workers who created these objects, who typically remained even more anonymous than in the West. Like distinctions were made in Japanese and Korean fine art. In Islamic art, the highest status was generally given to calligraphy, architects and the painters of Farsi miniatures and related traditions, merely these were still very often courtroom employees. Typically they also supplied designs for the best Persian carpets, architectural tiling and other decorative media, more consistently than happened in the Due west.

Latin American art was dominated by European colonialism until the 20th-century, when indigenous art began to reassert itself inspired past the Constructivist Movement, which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles. In Africa, Yoruba fine art frequently has a political and spiritual role. As with the art of the Chinese, the art of the Yoruba is as well often composed of what would ordinarily exist considered in the West to be craft product. Some of its well-nigh admired manifestations, such as textiles, fall in this category.

Visual arts [edit]

2-dimensional works [edit]

Painting and drawing [edit]

Painting equally a fine art ways applying paint to a flat surface (as opposed for example to painting a sculpture, or a slice of pottery), typically using several colours. Prehistoric painting that has survived was applied to natural stone surfaces, and wall painting, especially on moisture plaster in the fresco technique was a major form until recently. Portable paintings on woods console or sheet have been the most important in the Western globe for several centuries, more often than not in tempera or oil painting. Asian painting has more than often used paper, with the monochrome ink and wash painting tradition dominant in East Asia. Paintings that are intended to get in a book or anthology are called "miniatures", whether for a Western illuminated manuscript or in Western farsi miniature and its Turkish equivalent, or Indian paintings of various types. Watercolour is the western version of painting in newspaper; forms using gouache, chalk, and like mediums without brushes are actually forms of drawing.

Drawing is i of the major forms of the visual arts, and painters need drawing skills as well. Common instruments include: graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, or diverse metals similar silverpoint. There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning and creating comics.

Mosaics [edit]

Mosaics are images formed with small-scale pieces of stone or glass, called tesserae. They can be decorative or functional. An artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Ancient Greeks and Romans created realistic mosaics. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders.^[12] Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. The most famous Byzantine basilicas decorated with mosaics are the Basilica of San Vitale from Ravenna (Italy) and Hagia Sophia from Istanbul (Turkey).

Printmaking [edit]

Printmaking covers the making of images on newspaper that can be reproduced multiple times by a printing process. It has been an of import creative medium for several centuries, in the West and East asia. Major celebrated techniques include engraving, woodcut and etching in the Westward, and woodblock printing in Eastern asia, where the Japanese ukiyo-eastward style is the most important. The 19th-century invention of lithography and then photographic techniques take partly replaced the historic techniques. Older prints can be divided into the fine fine art Former Master print and popular prints, with book illustrations and other practical images such as maps somewhere in the middle.

Except in the example of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy. The reasoning backside this is that the print is not a reproduction of another work of fine art in a different medium – for instance, a painting – but rather an image designed from inception as a print. An private impress is also referred to every bit an impression. Prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix. Common types of matrices include: plates of metallic, ordinarily copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric in the instance of screen-printing. Just at that place are many other kinds. Multiple nearly identical prints can exist called an edition. In modern times each print is often signed and numbered forming a "limited edition." Prints may also exist published in book form, as artist's books. A single print could be the product of one or multiple techniques.

Calligraphy [edit]

Calligraphy is a blazon of visual art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving grade to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful style".^[13] Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten marking may or may not compromise the legibility of the letters.^[13] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and not-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined notwithstanding fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.^[fourteen] ^[15] ^[16]

Photography [edit]

Fine fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist. Fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism and commercial photography. Photojournalism visually communicates stories and ideas, mainly in impress and digital media. Fine art photography is created primarily equally an expression of the creative person's vision, but has also been of import in advancing certain causes. Depiction of nudity has been one of the dominating themes in fine-fine art photography.

Man Ray, Lampshade, reproduced in 391, n. 13, July 1920

Parallel to this evolution, the interface between the media, which were largely divide at that fourth dimension, in the narrow agreement of the concept of art, betwixt painting and photography became relevant from an art-historical betoken of view in the early on 1960s and mid-1970s through the work of the photograph artists Pierre Cordier (Chimigramme ), Paolo Monti (Chemigram ) and Josef H. Neumann (Chemogram ) closed within a new fine art form. In 1974, Josef H. Neumann Chemogram airtight the separation of the painterly ground and the photographic layer past presenting them, in a symbiosis that was unprecedented upwards to that point in fourth dimension, every bit an unmistakable unique item in a simultaneous painterly and real photographic perspective within a photographic layer in colors and forms united. ^[17]

Chemogram and Chimigram

3-dimensional works [edit]

Architecture [edit]

Architecture is frequently considered a art, especially if its aesthetic components are spotlighted – in contrast to structural-applied science or construction-direction components. Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations often are known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings equally the pyramids of Arab republic of egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are important links in public consciousness, even when scholars accept discovered much nearly past civilizations through other means. Cities, regions, and cultures continue to identify themselves with, and are known by, their architectural monuments.^[18]

Pottery [edit]

With some modern exceptions, pottery is non considered as fine art, but "fine pottery" remains a valid technical term, especially in archaeology. "Fine wares" are high-quality pottery, often painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "fibroid wares", which are bones utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more than formal purposes.

Fifty-fifty when, every bit with porcelain figurines, a piece of pottery has no practical purpose, the making of it is typically a collaborative and semi-industrial one, involving many participants with dissimilar skills.

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping hard or plastic textile, commonly stone (either rock or marble), metal, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by carving; others are assembled, built upward and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered 1 of the plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to every bit a sculpture garden.

Sculpture in stone survives far ameliorate than works of fine art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery) from aboriginal cultures; conversely, traditions of sculpture in woods may have vanished about entirely. Notwithstanding, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.^[19]

Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (lxxx in); Louvre
The Bust of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles

Conceptual art [edit]

Conceptual art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional artful and material concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused exercise of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text. Nevertheless, through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, its popular usage, particularly in the UK, adult as a synonym for all contemporary fine art that does non do the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.^[20]

Performing arts [edit]

Music [edit]

Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The mutual elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and joint), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Dissimilar styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements.

Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely song pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments.

The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike, "fine art of the Muses").

Dance [edit]

Trip the light fantastic is an art form that more often than not refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic, and to music,^[21] used every bit a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or operation setting. Dance is also used to draw methods of nonverbal communication (see body language) betwixt humans or animals (bee trip the light fantastic, patterns of behaviour such as a mating trip the light fantastic toe), motion in inanimate objects ("the leaves danced in the current of air"), and certain musical genres. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are dance disciplines while the kata of the martial arts are oftentimes compared to dances.

Theatre [edit]

Mod Western theatre is dominated past realism, including drama and comedy. Another pop Western form is musical theatre. Classical forms of theatre, including Greek and Roman drama, classic English drama (Shakespeare and Marlowe included), and French theater (Molière included), are still performed today. In improver, performances of classic Eastern forms such as Noh and Kabuki can be found in the Westward, although with less frequency.

Film [edit]

Fine arts motion picture is a term that encompasses motility pictures and the field of film equally a fine art form. A fine arts movie theater is a venue, ordinarily a edifice, for viewing such movies. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reverberate those cultures, and, in turn, bear upon them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of picture palace give motion pictures a universal ability of advice. Some films have get popular worldwide attractions past using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.

Cinematography is the discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema. It is closely related to the art of yet photography, though many additional problems arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may exist in motility.

Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An contained moving-picture show (or indie film) is a flick initially produced without financing or distribution from a major moving picture studio. Artistic, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie picture show scene in the belatedly 20th and early on 21st century.

Poesy [edit]

Poesy (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term ποίησις (poiesis, "to make") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of linguistic communication—such every bit sound symbolism, phonaesthetics and metre—to evoke meanings in add-on to, or in identify of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.^[22]

Other [edit]

Avant-garde music is frequently considered both a performing art and a fine art.
Electronic media – perhaps the newest medium for fine art, since it utilizes modern technologies such as computers from production to presentation. Includes, among others, video, digital photography, digital printmaking and interactive pieces.
Textiles, including quilt art and "wearable" or "pre-wearable" creations, frequently accomplish the category of fine fine art objects, sometimes like office of an art display.
Western fine art (or Classical) music is a performing art frequently considered to be fine fine art.
Origami – The terminal century has witnessed a renewed interest in agreement the behavior of folding matter with contributions from artists and scientists. Origami is different from other arts: while painting requires the improver of affair, and sculpture involves subtraction, origami does not add or decrease: it transforms. Origami artists are pushing the limits of an art increasingly committed to its time, with a bloodline ending in technology and spacecraft. Its computational attribute and shareable quality (empowered by social networks) are parts of the puzzle that is making origami a paradigmatic fine art of the 21st century.^[23] ^[24] ^[25]

Bookish written report [edit]

Africa [edit]

Art Schools, Colleges and Universities in Africa
Southward Africa

Asia [edit]

Kyoto Metropolis Academy of Arts, Nippon Offers graduate degrees in Painting, Printmaking, Concept and Media Planning, Sculpture, and Design (Visual, Environmental, and Product), Crafts (Ceramics, Dying and Weaving, and Urushi Lacquering); as well the Science of Art and Conservation.
Tokyo University of the Arts The art school offers graduate degrees in Painting (Japanese and Oil), Sculpture, Crafts, Design, Architecture, Intermedia Art, Aesthetics and Art History. The music and film schools are separate.
Korean National University Music, Drama, Dance, Moving picture, Traditional Arts (Korean Music, Dance and Performing Arts), Design, Architecture, Art Theory, Visual Arts Dept. of Fine Arts (painting, sculpture, photography, 3D laser holography, Video, interactivity, pottery and glass).
The Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts is a Chinese national university based in Guangzhou which provides Fine Arts and Pattern Doctoral, Master and bachelor'south degrees.
Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata is a Fine Art college in the Indian urban center of Kolkata, West Bengal.
Lebanese University of Fine Arts is a prestigious fine arts college originally founded in 1937 by a group of young classical musicians in Beirut, in 1988 it was merged with University of Balamand. ALBA is considered a Pioneering Institute in the region with infrequent educational expertise and world-renowned lecturers and instructors.^[26]

Europe [edit]

Due south America [edit]

Brazil: The Institute for the Arts in Brazilia has departments for theater, visual arts, industrial design, and music.^[27]

U.s.a. [edit]

In the Us an academic course of report in fine art may include the Bachelor of Arts in Fine art, or a Bachelor of Fine Arts, and/or a Master of Fine Arts caste – traditionally the last degree in the field. Doctor of Fine Arts degrees —earned, as opposed to honorary degrees— have begun to emerge at some Usa academic institutions, however. Major schools of art in the US:

Yale University, New Haven, CT – MFA, BA.^[28]
Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI – MFA, BFA.^[29]
Schoolhouse of the Fine art Found of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois – MFA in Studio, MFA in Writing.^[30]
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA – MFA^[31]
California Constitute of the Arts, Valencia, CA^[32]
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA^[33]
Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, MI^[34]
Maryland Institute Higher of Art, Baltimore, Medico^[35]
Fordham University, (B.F.A)^[36]
Columbia University, MFA, joint JD/MFA caste, PHD.^[37]
Juilliard Schoolhouse, New York, NY is a performing arts conservatory established in 1905. Information technology educates and trains undergraduate and graduate students in trip the light fantastic toe, drama, and music. Information technology is widely regarded equally one of the world'southward leading music schools, with some of the nigh prestigious arts programs.^[38] ^[39] ^[40]
ArtCenter College of Design, Pasadena, CA is a nonprofit, individual college founded in 1930. ArtCenter offers undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide variety of fine art and design fields, besides equally public programs for children and high school students. U.South. News and Globe Report too ranks Art Center'due south Fine art, Industrial Design and Media Design Practices programs among the height xx graduate schools in the U.S.^[41]

Encounter too [edit]

The arts
Operation art

References [edit]

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^ "Fine art". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
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^ Drutt, Matthew; Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich; Gurianova, J. (2003). Malevich, Black Square, 1915, Guggenheim New York, exhibition, 2003-2004. ISBN9780892072651 . Retrieved 18 March 2014.
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^ Maraffi, Topher. "Using New Media for Practice-based Fine Arts Research in the Classroom" (PDF). University of S Carolina Beaufort.
^ Clowney, David. "A Third System of the Arts? An Exploration of Some Ideas from Larry Shiner'due south The Invention of Art: A Cultural History". Contemporary Aesthetics . Retrieved seven May 2013.
^ Blunt, 55
^ Guerzoni, G. (2011). Apollo and Vulcan: The Art Markets in Italian republic, 1400–1700. Michigan State University Printing. p. 27. ISBN978-ane-60917-361-half-dozen . Retrieved iv July 2020. Observing these tensions, George Kubler was led to assert in 1961: "The seventeenth-century academic separation between fine and useful arts first vicious out of mode nearly a century agone. From virtually 1880 the formulation of 'art' was ..."
^ Kubler, George (1962). The Shape of Time : Remarks on the History of Things. New Haven and London: Yale Academy Press.Kubler, pp. 14–15, google books
^ Capizzi, Padre (1989). Piazza Armerina: The Mosaics and Morgantina. International Specialized Book Service Inc.
^ ^a ^b Mediavilla, C. (1996). Calligraphy. Scirpus Publications.
^ Pott, G. (2006). Kalligrafie: Intensiv Grooming. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
^ Pott, M. (2005). Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
^ *Zapf, H. (2007). Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of Technical Developments. Rochester: Cary Graphic Arts Press.
^ Hannes Schmidt: Remarks to the Chemograms from Josef H. Neumann. Exhibition in photography Studio Galerie from Prof. Pan Walther. In: Photo-Presse. Result 22, 1976, S. half-dozen.
^ The Tower Bridge, the Eiffel Tower and the Colosseum are representative of the buildings used on advertising brochures.
^ "Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Artifact" September 2007 to January 2008, The Arthur One thousand. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ Conceptual art Tate online glossary tate.org.u.k.. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
^ Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. "britannica". britannica. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "Poetry". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2013.
^ Gould, Vanessa. "Between the Folds, a documentary film".
^ McArthur, Meher (2012). Folding Newspaper: The Space Possibilities of Origami. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-0804843386.
^ McArthur, Meher (2020). New Expressions in Origami Fine art. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-0804853453.
^ "Alexis Boutros, le fondateur de l'Alba – Historique – À propos de l'Alba – Académie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts (Alba) – Université de Balamand". www.alba.edu.lb. Archived from the original on twenty September 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^ "Institute for the Arts, Brazilia". Archived from the original on 22 July 2014.
^ "Yale University School of Art". Art.yale.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
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^ "School of the Art Institute of Chicago". Saic.edu. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "UCLA Department of Fine art". Art.ucla.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
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^ "Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts". .cfa.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on xiii March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "Welcome to Cranbrook University of Art". Cranbrookart.edu. Retrieved thirteen March 2014.
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^ "B.F.A. Plan". The Ailey School.
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^ "Still 'best reputation' for Juilliard at 100". The Washington Times . Retrieved 15 September 2013.
^ Frank Rich (2003). Juilliard . Harry N. Abrams. pp. 10. ISBN0-8109-3536-eight. Juilliard grew upwards with both the land and its burgeoning cultural uppercase of New York to become an internationally recognized synonym for the meridian of artistic achievement.
^ "The Acme 25 Drama Schools in the World". The Hollywood Reporter. xxx May 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
^ "ArtCenter College of Design Overall Rankings – U.s.a. News All-time Colleges". U.Southward. News & World Report. 3 Oct 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.

Blunt Anthony, Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), OUP, ISBN 0198810504